IQ, skin color, crime, HIV/AIDS, and income in 50 U.S. states

Article history: Received 20 July 2010 Received in revised form 9 August 2011 Accepted 9 August 2011 Available online 3 September 2011 In 50 U.S. states, we found a positive manifold across 11 measures including IQ, skin color, birth rate, infant mortality, life expectancy, HIV/AIDS, violent crime, and state income with the first principal component accounting for 33% of the variance (median factor loading=.34). The correlation with a composite of total violent crime was higher with skin color (r=.55), a more biologically influenced variable than with GDP (r=−.17), a more culturally influenced variable. These results corroborate and extend those found at the international level using INTERPOL crime statistics and at the county, provincial, and state levels within countries using local statistics. We interpret the cross-cultural consistency from an evolutionary life history perspective in which hierarchically organized traits culminate in a single, heritable, superfactor. Traits need to be genetically organized to meet the trials of life—survival, growth, and reproduction. We discuss brain size and the g nexus as central to understand individual and group differences and we highlight melanin and skin color as a potentially important new life history variable. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.